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hex view +--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+ |00000000| 00 02 34 63 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |..4c....|........| |00000010| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000020| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000030| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000040| 00 54 45 58 54 45 44 49 | 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.TEXTEDI|T.......| |00000050| 00 00 00 00 00 29 ce 00 | 00 01 5d a7 ad b7 40 a7 |.....)..|..]...@.| |00000060| ad b7 40 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |..@.....|........| |00000070| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 81 81 3f 10 00 00 |........|....?...| |00000080| 44 61 74 65 3a 20 57 65 | 64 2c 20 31 30 20 4a 75 |Date: We|d, 10 Ju| |00000090| 6e 20 39 32 20 30 39 3a | 31 37 3a 35 32 20 2d 30 |n 92 09:|17:52 -0| |000000a0| 34 30 30 0d 46 72 6f 6d | 3a 20 64 6d 69 6c 6e 65 |400.From|: dmilne| |000000b0| 40 4b 45 41 4e 2e 55 43 | 53 2e 4d 55 4e 2e 43 41 |@KEAN.UC|S.MUN.CA| |000000c0| 0d 53 75 62 6a 65 63 74 | 3a 20 45 4c 45 4d 2d 49 |.Subject|: ELEM-I| |000000d0| 47 20 4c 65 73 73 6f 6e | 20 23 34 2d 43 20 20 50 |G Lesson| #4-C P| |000000e0| 72 6f 6e 6f 75 6e 63 8e | 53 70 65 6c 6c 20 49 72 |ronounc.|Spell Ir| |000000f0| 69 73 68 0d 53 65 6e 64 | 65 72 3a 20 47 41 45 4c |ish.Send|er: GAEL| |00000100| 49 43 20 4c 61 6e 67 75 | 61 67 65 20 42 75 6c 6c |IC Langu|age Bull| |00000110| 65 74 69 6e 20 42 6f 61 | 72 64 20 3c 47 41 45 4c |etin Boa|rd <GAEL| |00000120| 49 43 2d 4c 40 69 72 6c | 65 61 72 6e 2e 75 63 64 |IC-L@irl|earn.ucd| |00000130| 2e 69 65 3e 0d 0d 20 0d | 46 72 6f 6d 3a 20 20 44 |.ie>.. .|From: D| |00000140| 6f 72 6f 74 68 79 0d 20 | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |orothy. |. | |00000150| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | | |00000160| 53 4f 4d 45 20 4e 4f 54 | 45 53 20 4f 4e 20 54 48 |SOME NOT|ES ON TH| |00000170| 45 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |E. | | |00000180| 20 50 52 4f 4e 55 4e 43 | 49 41 54 49 4f 4e 20 41 | PRONUNC|IATION A| |00000190| 4e 44 20 53 50 45 4c 4c | 49 4e 47 20 4f 46 20 49 |ND SPELL|ING OF I| |000001a0| 52 49 53 48 0d 20 0d 20 | 20 20 54 68 65 20 66 6f |RISH. . | The fo| |000001b0| 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 | 6e 6f 74 65 73 20 6f 6e |llowing |notes on| |000001c0| 20 70 72 6f 6e 6f 75 6e | 63 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 | pronoun|cing and| |000001d0| 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e | 67 20 49 72 69 73 68 20 | spellin|g Irish | |000001e0| 61 72 65 20 73 6c 69 67 | 68 74 6c 79 20 61 64 61 |are slig|htly ada| |000001f0| 70 74 65 64 0d 66 72 6f | 6d 20 4f 20 53 69 61 64 |pted.fro|m O Siad| |00000200| 68 61 69 6c 27 73 20 22 | 4c 65 61 72 6e 69 6e 67 |hail's "|Learning| |00000210| 20 49 72 69 73 68 22 2c | 20 70 2e 20 34 2d 36 20 | Irish",| p. 4-6 | |00000220| 61 6e 64 20 32 32 36 2e | 20 49 6e 20 74 68 65 73 |and 226.| In thes| |00000230| 65 20 70 61 73 73 61 67 | 65 73 2c 20 68 65 0d 64 |e passag|es, he.d| |00000240| 69 73 63 75 73 73 65 73 | 3a 0d 20 20 20 20 20 28 |iscusses|:. 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(2|) stress| |00000280| 20 70 61 74 74 65 72 6e | 73 2c 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | pattern|s,. | |00000290| 28 33 29 20 73 69 74 75 | 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 77 |(3) situ|ations w| |000002a0| 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 | 20 6e 65 75 74 72 61 6c |here the| neutral| |000002b0| 20 76 6f 77 65 6c 20 5b | 40 5d 20 69 73 20 64 72 | vowel [|@] is dr| |000002c0| 6f 70 70 65 64 2c 0d 20 | 61 6e 64 20 28 34 29 20 |opped,. |and (4) | |000002d0| 73 69 74 75 61 74 69 6f | 6e 73 20 77 68 65 72 65 |situatio|ns where| |000002e0| 20 61 20 6e 65 75 74 72 | 61 6c 20 76 6f 77 65 6c | a neutr|al vowel| |000002f0| 20 5b 40 5d 20 69 73 20 | 69 6e 73 65 72 74 65 64 | [@] is |inserted| |00000300| 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 | 65 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | into th|e. | |00000310| 20 20 20 20 70 72 6f 6e | 75 6e 63 69 61 74 69 6f | pron|unciatio| |00000320| 6e 20 6f 66 20 61 20 77 | 6f 72 64 2e 0d 20 0d 20 |n of a w|ord.. . | |00000330| 20 20 4f 66 20 74 68 65 | 73 65 20 74 6f 70 69 63 | Of the|se topic| |00000340| 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 66 | 69 72 73 74 20 28 62 72 |s, the f|irst (br| |00000350| 6f 61 64 2f 73 6c 65 6e | 64 65 72 29 20 69 73 20 |oad/slen|der) is | |00000360| 72 65 6c 61 74 65 64 20 | 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 |related |to the s| |00000370| 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 6f 66 | 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e |ystem.of| spellin| |00000380| 67 20 72 75 6c 65 73 2e | 20 54 68 75 73 2c 20 73 |g rules.| Thus, s| |00000390| 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 | 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 |pelling |will be | |000003a0| 64 69 73 63 75 73 73 65 | 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 |discusse|d in thi| |000003b0| 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f | 6e 2e 0d 20 0d 20 0d 31 |s sectio|n.. . .1| |000003c0| 2e 20 42 52 4f 41 44 20 | 41 4e 44 20 53 4c 45 4e |. BROAD |AND SLEN| |000003d0| 44 45 52 20 43 4f 4e 53 | 4f 4e 41 4e 54 53 0d 20 |DER CONS|ONANTS. | |000003e0| 0d 20 20 20 49 72 69 73 | 68 20 68 61 73 20 74 77 |. Iris|h has tw| |000003f0| 6f 20 28 6e 65 61 72 6c | 79 29 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c |o (nearl|y) compl| |00000400| 65 74 65 20 20 73 65 74 | 73 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 6e |ete set|s of con| |00000410| 73 6f 6e 61 6e 74 20 73 | 6f 75 6e 64 73 2e 20 57 |sonant s|ounds. W| |00000420| 68 65 72 65 61 73 0d 6d | 6f 73 74 20 45 75 72 6f |hereas.m|ost Euro| |00000430| 70 65 61 6e 20 6c 61 6e | 67 75 61 67 65 73 20 68 |pean lan|guages h| |00000440| 61 76 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 | 20 6f 6e 65 20 73 6f 72 |ave only| one sor| |00000450| 74 20 6f 66 20 62 2c 20 | 63 2c 20 64 2c 20 65 74 |t of b, |c, d, et| |00000460| 63 2e 2c 20 49 72 69 73 | 68 0d 68 61 73 20 74 77 |c., Iris|h.has tw| |00000470| 6f 20 2e 20 48 65 72 65 | 20 61 72 65 20 74 77 6f |o . Here| are two| |00000480| 20 70 61 69 72 73 20 6f | 66 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c | pairs o|f exampl| |00000490| 65 73 3a 0d 20 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 62 65 6f 20 20 |es:. . | beo | |000004a0| 5b 62 27 6f 3a 5d 20 20 | 22 61 6c 69 76 65 22 20 |[b'o:] |"alive" | |000004b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 97 | 20 20 20 5b 62 6f 3a 5d | b.| [bo:]| |000004c0| 20 20 20 22 63 6f 77 22 | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 62 92 | "cow"|. b.| |000004d0| 20 20 5b 62 27 69 3a 5d | 20 20 22 62 65 22 20 20 | [b'i:]| "be" | |000004e0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 62 75 92 20 20 5b 62 69 | |bu. [bi| |000004f0| 3a 5d 20 20 20 22 79 65 | 6c 6c 6f 77 22 0d 20 0d |:] "ye|llow". .| |00000500| 20 20 49 67 6e 6f 72 69 | 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 73 | Ignori|ng the s| |00000510| 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 | 66 6f 72 20 61 20 6d 6f |pelling |for a mo| |00000520| 6d 65 6e 74 2c 20 6c 65 | 74 20 75 73 20 6c 6f 6f |ment, le|t us loo| |00000530| 6b 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 | 69 72 0d 70 72 6f 6e 75 |k at the|ir.pronu| |00000540| 6e 63 69 61 74 69 6f 6e | 73 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 |nciation|s. The | |00000550| 66 69 72 73 74 20 70 61 | 69 72 20 62 6f 74 68 20 |first pa|ir both | |00000560| 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 | 20 76 6f 77 65 6c 20 73 |have the| vowel s| |00000570| 6f 75 6e 64 20 5b 6f 3a | 5d 0d 61 6e 64 20 74 68 |ound [o:|].and th| |00000580| 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 | 20 70 61 69 72 20 74 68 |e second| pair th| |00000590| 65 20 76 6f 77 65 6c 20 | 73 6f 75 6e 64 20 5b 69 |e vowel |sound [i| |000005a0| 3a 5d 2e 20 4e 6f 74 68 | 69 6e 67 20 64 69 73 74 |:]. 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The s|ort of b| |00000610| 20 69 6e 20 20 62 65 6f | 20 20 61 6e 64 20 20 62 | in beo| and b| |00000620| 92 20 20 69 73 20 74 72 | 61 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 61 |. is tr|aditiona| |00000630| 6c 6c 79 20 63 61 6c 6c | 65 64 0d 53 4c 45 4e 44 |lly call|ed.SLEND| |00000640| 45 52 20 28 63 61 6f 6c | 20 69 6e 20 49 72 69 73 |ER (caol| in Iris| |00000650| 68 29 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 | 74 68 65 20 73 6f 72 74 |h), and |the sort| |00000660| 20 69 6e 20 20 62 97 20 | 20 61 6e 64 20 20 62 75 | in b. | and bu| |00000670| 92 20 20 69 73 20 74 72 | 61 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 2d |. is tr|adition-| |00000680| 0d 61 6c 6c 79 20 63 61 | 6c 6c 65 64 20 42 52 4f |.ally ca|lled BRO| |00000690| 41 44 20 28 6c 65 61 74 | 68 61 6e 20 69 6e 20 49 |AD (leat|han in I| |000006a0| 72 69 73 68 29 2e 20 20 | 4d 6f 72 65 20 74 65 63 |rish). |More tec| |000006b0| 68 6e 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 | 2c 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 |hnically|, the te| |000006c0| 72 6d 73 0d 22 70 61 6c | 61 74 61 6c 69 7a 65 64 |rms."pal|atalized| |000006d0| 22 20 61 6e 64 20 22 6e | 6f 6e 2d 70 61 6c 61 74 |" and "n|on-palat| |000006e0| 69 7a 65 64 22 20 61 72 | 65 20 75 73 65 64 2e 0d |ized" ar|e used..| |000006f0| 20 0d 20 20 53 6c 65 6e | 64 65 72 20 63 6f 6e 73 | . Slen|der cons| |00000700| 6f 6e 61 6e 74 73 20 61 | 72 65 20 67 65 6e 65 72 |onants a|re gener| |00000710| 61 6c 6c 79 20 6d 61 64 | 65 20 62 79 20 72 61 69 |ally mad|e by rai| |00000720| 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 | 20 66 72 6f 6e 74 20 6f |sing the| front o| |00000730| 66 20 74 68 65 0d 74 6f | 6e 67 75 65 20 74 6f 77 |f the.to|ngue tow| |00000740| 61 72 64 73 20 74 68 65 | 20 66 72 6f 6e 74 20 70 |ards the| front p| |00000750| 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 66 20 |art of t|he roof | |00000760| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d | 6f 75 74 68 20 2d 2d 20 |of the m|outh -- | |00000770| 74 68 65 20 70 61 72 74 | 0d 6a 75 73 74 20 62 65 |the part|.just be| |00000780| 68 69 6e 64 20 74 68 65 | 20 74 6f 6f 74 68 20 72 |hind the| tooth r| |00000790| 69 64 67 65 2c 20 20 6f | 72 2c 20 20 66 6f 72 20 |idge, o|r, for | |000007a0| 73 6f 75 6e 64 73 20 6d | 61 64 65 20 77 69 74 68 |sounds m|ade with| |000007b0| 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 70 | 73 2c 0d 28 20 70 2c 20 | the lip|s,.( p, | |000007c0| 62 2c 20 6d 2c 20 66 2c | 20 76 2c 20 77 29 20 62 |b, m, f,| v, w) b| |000007d0| 79 20 73 70 72 65 61 64 | 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 |y spread|ing the | |000007e0| 6c 69 70 73 2e 0d 20 0d | 20 20 53 6c 65 6e 64 65 |lips.. .| Slende| |000007f0| 72 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6e | 61 6e 74 73 20 68 61 76 |r conson|ants hav| |00000800| 65 20 61 6e 20 22 69 2d | 71 75 61 6c 69 74 79 22 |e an "i-|quality"| |00000810| 2c 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 | 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 |, that i|s, you c| |00000820| 6f 75 6c 64 20 6d 61 6b | 65 20 61 0d 76 65 72 79 |ould mak|e a.very| |00000830| 20 77 65 61 6b 20 22 69 | 22 20 73 6f 75 6e 64 20 | weak "i|" sound | |00000840| 28 73 68 6f 72 74 20 69 | 20 61 73 20 69 6e 20 66 |(short i| as in f| |00000850| 69 74 29 20 61 66 74 65 | 72 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 |it) afte|r them. | |00000860| 54 68 75 73 20 77 65 20 | 6d 69 67 68 74 0d 72 65 |Thus we |might.re| |00000870| 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 | 20 62 65 6f 20 20 61 73 |present | beo as| |00000880| 20 5b 20 62 28 69 29 6f | 3a 5d 20 20 61 6e 64 20 | [ b(i)o|:] and | |00000890| 20 62 92 20 20 61 73 20 | 20 5b 20 62 28 69 29 69 | b. as | [ b(i)i| |000008a0| 3a 5d 20 28 77 68 65 72 | 65 20 74 68 65 20 69 20 |:] (wher|e the i | |000008b0| 69 6e 0d 62 72 61 63 6b | 65 74 73 20 72 65 70 72 |in.brack|ets repr| |000008c0| 65 73 65 6e 74 73 20 61 | 20 74 6f 6e 67 75 65 20 |esents a| tongue | |000008d0| 70 6f 73 69 74 69 6f 6e | 20 6f 72 20 76 65 72 79 |position| or very| |000008e0| 20 66 6c 65 65 74 69 6e | 67 2c 20 74 72 61 6e 73 | fleetin|g, trans| |000008f0| 69 65 6e 74 20 73 6f 75 | 6e 64 29 2e 0d 28 49 6e |ient sou|nd)..(In| |00000900| 73 74 65 61 64 20 6f 66 | 20 73 75 67 67 65 73 74 |stead of| suggest| |00000910| 69 6e 67 20 61 20 74 72 | 61 6e 73 69 65 6e 74 20 |ing a tr|ansient | |00000920| 73 68 6f 72 74 20 69 2c | 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 61 75 |short i,| some au| |00000930| 74 68 6f 72 73 20 73 75 | 67 67 65 73 74 0d 74 68 |thors su|ggest.th| |00000940| 69 6e 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f | 66 20 61 20 74 72 61 6e |inking o|f a tran| |00000950| 73 69 65 6e 74 20 79 20 | 73 6f 75 6e 64 29 2e 0d |sient y |sound)..| |00000960| 20 0d 20 20 54 68 75 73 | 20 61 20 20 74 27 20 20 | . 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The F| |00001b50| 6f 63 6c 97 69 72 20 50 | 97 63 61 20 69 6e 64 69 |ocl.ir P|.ca indi| |00001b60| 63 61 74 65 73 20 74 68 | 65 20 73 74 72 65 73 73 |cates th|e stress| |00001b70| 20 70 61 74 74 65 72 6e | 20 6f 66 20 61 20 77 6f | pattern| of a wo| |00001b80| 72 64 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 | 69 66 0d 69 74 20 64 65 |rd only |if.it de| |00001b90| 76 69 61 74 65 73 20 66 | 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 |viates f|rom the | |00001ba0| 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 20 | 72 75 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 |general |rule of | |00001bb0| 73 74 72 65 73 73 69 6e | 67 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 |stressin|g the fi| |00001bc0| 72 73 74 20 73 79 6c 6c | 61 62 6c 65 20 6f 66 0d |rst syll|able of.| |00001bd0| 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 | 2e 0d 20 0d 20 0d 53 74 |the word|.. . .St| |00001be0| 72 65 73 73 20 61 6e 64 | 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 75 |ress and| the neu| |00001bf0| 74 72 61 6c 20 76 6f 77 | 65 6c 3a 0d 20 0d 20 20 |tral vow|el:. . | |00001c00| 20 54 68 65 20 76 6f 77 | 65 6c 73 20 20 61 20 20 | The vow|els a | |00001c10| 20 65 20 20 20 69 20 20 | 20 6f 20 20 20 20 49 46 | e i | o IF| |00001c20| 20 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 | 65 20 73 68 6f 72 74 2c | they ar|e short,| |00001c30| 20 61 6e 64 20 49 46 20 | 74 68 65 79 20 6f 63 63 | and IF |they occ| |00001c40| 75 72 0d 69 6e 20 61 6e | 20 75 6e 73 74 72 65 73 |ur.in an| unstres| |00001c50| 73 65 64 20 73 79 6c 6c | 61 62 6c 65 2c 20 20 61 |sed syll|able, a| |00001c60| 72 65 20 67 65 6e 65 72 | 61 6c 6c 79 20 72 65 64 |re gener|ally red| |00001c70| 75 63 65 64 20 74 6f 20 | 61 20 6e 65 75 74 72 61 |uced to |a neutra| |00001c80| 6c 20 76 6f 77 65 6c 2e | 0d 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 |l vowel.|.In the | |00001c90| 49 50 41 20 74 72 61 6e | 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f |IPA tran|scriptio| |00001ca0| 6e 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 | 6e 65 75 74 72 61 6c 20 |ns, the |neutral | |00001cb0| 76 6f 77 65 6c 20 69 73 | 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 |vowel is| indicat| |00001cc0| 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 | 65 0d 73 79 6d 62 6f 6c |ed by th|e.symbol| |00001cd0| 20 40 2e 20 20 49 74 20 | 69 73 20 72 6f 75 67 68 | @. It |is rough| |00001ce0| 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 73 | 61 6d 65 20 61 73 20 74 |ly the s|ame as t| |00001cf0| 68 65 20 73 6f 75 6e 64 | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |he sound| of the | |00001d00| 75 6e 73 74 72 65 73 73 | 65 64 20 61 0d 69 6e 20 |unstress|ed a.in | |00001d10| 45 6e 67 6c 69 73 68 20 | 73 6f 66 61 2e 0d 20 0d |English |sofa.. .| |00001d20| 20 0d 33 2e 20 44 52 4f | 50 50 49 4e 47 20 54 48 | .3. DRO|PPING TH| |00001d30| 45 20 4e 45 55 54 52 41 | 4c 20 56 4f 57 45 4c 0d |E NEUTRA|L VOWEL.| |00001d40| 20 0d 20 20 54 68 65 20 | 6e 65 75 74 72 61 6c 20 | . The |neutral | |00001d50| 76 6f 77 65 6c 2c 20 40 | 2c 20 28 74 6f 20 77 68 |vowel, @|, (to wh| |00001d60| 69 63 68 20 73 68 6f 72 | 74 20 75 6e 73 74 72 65 |ich shor|t unstre| |00001d70| 73 73 65 64 20 76 6f 77 | 65 6c 73 20 61 72 65 0d |ssed vow|els are.| |00001d80| 72 65 64 75 63 65 64 29 | 2c 20 69 73 20 64 72 6f |reduced)|, is dro| |00001d90| 70 70 65 64 20 66 72 6f | 6d 20 70 72 6f 6e 75 6e |pped fro|m pronun| |00001da0| 63 69 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 | 20 77 68 65 6e 20 69 74 |ciation | when it| |00001db0| 20 6f 63 63 75 72 73 20 | 62 65 66 6f 72 65 0d 6f | occurs |before.o| |00001dc0| 72 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 | 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 |r after |another | |00001dd0| 76 6f 77 65 6c 20 69 6e | 20 61 6e 20 61 64 6a 61 |vowel in| an adja| |00001de0| 63 65 6e 74 20 77 6f 72 | 64 2e 0d 20 0d 20 20 46 |cent wor|d.. . F| |00001df0| 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 | 6c 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 |or examp|le this | |00001e00| 69 73 20 68 6f 77 20 74 | 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f |is how t|he follo| |00001e10| 77 69 6e 67 20 77 6f 72 | 64 73 20 61 72 65 20 70 |wing wor|ds are p| |00001e20| 72 6f 6e 6f 75 6e 63 65 | 64 20 77 68 65 6e 20 6e |ronounce|d when n| |00001e30| 6f 0d 20 20 6f 74 68 65 | 72 20 76 6f 77 65 6c 20 |o. othe|r vowel | |00001e40| 69 73 20 61 64 6a 61 63 | 65 6e 74 3a 0d 20 0d 20 |is adjac|ent:. . | |00001e50| 20 20 20 70 65 72 73 6f | 6e 20 20 20 20 64 75 69 | perso|n dui| |00001e60| 6e 65 20 20 5b 64 69 6e | 27 40 5d 0d 20 20 20 20 |ne [din|'@]. | |00001e70| 77 61 6c 6c 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 62 61 6c 6c 61 20 |wall | balla | |00001e80| 20 5b 62 61 6c 40 5d 0d | 20 20 20 20 74 61 6c 6c | [bal@].| tall| |00001e90| 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 72 | 64 20 20 20 20 5b 61 72 | ar|d [ar| |00001ea0| 64 5d 0d 20 20 20 20 61 | 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 20 |d]. a|nother | |00001eb0| 20 65 69 6c 65 20 20 20 | 5b 65 6c 27 40 5d 0d 20 | eile |[el'@]. | |00001ec0| 20 20 20 68 65 72 65 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 61 6e 73 | here | ans| |00001ed0| 65 6f 20 20 5b 40 6e 73 | 27 6f 5d 0d 20 0d 20 20 |eo [@ns|'o]. . | |00001ee0| 42 75 74 20 74 68 69 73 | 20 69 73 20 68 6f 77 20 |But this| is how | |00001ef0| 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 | 20 70 72 6f 6e 6f 75 6e |they are| pronoun| |00001f00| 63 65 64 20 77 68 65 6e | 20 61 20 76 6f 77 65 6c |ced when| a vowel| |00001f10| 20 69 73 20 61 64 6a 61 | 63 65 6e 74 3a 0d 20 0d | is adja|cent:. .| |00001f20| 20 20 20 20 20 64 75 69 | 6e 65 20 61 72 64 20 20 | dui|ne ard | |00001f30| 20 20 5b 64 69 6e 27 61 | 72 64 5d 20 20 20 20 20 | [din'a|rd] | |00001f40| 20 20 20 2d 2d 20 77 68 | 65 6e 20 69 6e 20 61 20 | -- wh|en in a | |00001f50| 70 68 72 61 73 65 2c 20 | 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 61 |phrase, |before a| |00001f60| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 62 61 | 6c 6c 61 20 65 69 6c 65 |. ba|lla eile| |00001f70| 20 20 20 5b 62 61 6c 20 | 65 6c 27 40 5d 20 20 20 | [bal |el'@] | |00001f80| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 | 6f 72 64 20 74 68 61 74 | w|ord that| |00001f90| 20 62 65 67 69 6e 73 20 | 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 76 | begins |with a v| |00001fa0| 6f 77 65 6c 2c 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |owel,. | | |00001fb0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | | |00001fc0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 74 68 65 20 | | the | |00001fd0| 40 20 69 73 20 64 72 6f | 70 70 65 64 2e 0d 20 20 |@ is dro|pped.. | |00001fe0| 20 74 87 20 73 8e 20 61 | 6e 73 65 6f 20 20 5b 74 | t. s. a|nseo [t| |00001ff0| 61 3a 20 73 27 65 3a 6e | 73 27 6f 5d 20 20 20 2d |a: s'e:n|s'o] -| |00002000| 2d 20 73 61 6d 65 2c 20 | 6f 6e 6c 79 20 68 65 72 |- same, |only her| |00002010| 65 20 74 68 65 20 40 20 | 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 |e the @ |follows | |00002020| 61 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |a. | | |00002030| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | | |00002040| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 76 6f 77 65 6c 2e 0d 20 | |vowel.. | |00002050| 0d 20 0d 20 20 54 68 69 | 73 20 72 75 6c 65 20 69 |. . Thi|s rule i| |00002060| 73 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 | 74 6f 20 49 72 69 73 68 |s basic |to Irish| |00002070| 20 70 72 6f 6e 75 6e 63 | 69 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 | pronunc|iation. | |00002080| 49 74 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 | 68 65 6c 70 73 20 74 6f |It also |helps to| |00002090| 0d 20 20 65 78 70 6c 61 | 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 |. expla|in the p| |000020a0| 72 6f 6e 75 6e 63 69 61 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 |ronuncia|tion of | |000020b0| 69 6e 64 69 76 69 64 75 | 61 6c 20 77 6f 72 64 73 |individu|al words| |000020c0| 2e 0d 20 0d 20 20 20 20 | 65 2e 67 2e 20 20 69 6e |.. . |e.g. in| |000020d0| 20 66 6f 72 6d 69 6e 67 | 20 74 68 65 20 70 6c 75 | forming| the plu| |000020e0| 72 61 6c 2c 20 74 79 70 | 65 20 42 20 70 6c 75 72 |ral, typ|e B plur| |000020f0| 61 6c 73 20 61 64 64 20 | 61 20 66 69 6e 61 6c 20 |als add |a final | |00002100| 2d 92 0d 20 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d |-.. . | m| |00002110| 61 64 72 61 20 20 5b 6d | 61 64 72 40 5d 20 20 20 |adra [m|adr@] | |00002120| 20 20 20 3e 3e 20 20 6d | 61 64 72 61 92 20 20 20 | >> m|adra. | |00002130| 5b 6d 61 64 72 69 3a 5d | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |[madri:]|. | |00002140| 20 20 20 63 92 73 74 65 | 20 5b 6b 27 69 3a 73 27 | c.ste| [k'i:s'| |00002150| 74 27 40 5d 20 20 3e 3e | 20 20 63 92 73 74 92 20 |t'@] >>| c.st. | |00002160| 20 20 5b 6b 27 69 3a 73 | 27 74 27 69 3a 5d 0d 20 | [k'i:s|'t'i:]. | |00002170| 0d 20 20 20 20 4e 6f 74 | 65 3a 20 20 74 68 61 74 |. Not|e: that| |00002180| 20 74 68 65 20 40 20 69 | 73 20 64 72 6f 70 70 65 | the @ i|s droppe| |00002190| 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 70 | 72 6f 6e 75 6e 63 69 61 |d from p|ronuncia| |000021a0| 74 69 6f 6e 20 62 65 66 | 6f 72 65 20 2d 92 0d 20 |tion bef|ore -.. | |000021b0| 0d 20 20 20 20 4e 6f 74 | 65 3a 20 20 74 68 61 74 |. Not|e: that| |000021c0| 20 74 68 65 20 22 62 72 | 6f 61 64 20 77 69 74 68 | the "br|oad with| |000021d0| 20 62 72 6f 61 64 2c 20 | 73 6c 65 6e 64 65 72 20 | broad, |slender | |000021e0| 77 69 74 68 20 73 6c 65 | 6e 64 65 72 22 0d 20 20 |with sle|nder". | |000021f0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e | | spellin| |00002200| 67 20 72 75 6c 65 20 61 | 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 74 68 |g rule a|llows th| |00002210| 65 20 22 65 22 20 74 6f | 20 62 65 20 64 72 6f 70 |e "e" to| be drop| |00002220| 70 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d | 20 74 68 65 0d 20 20 20 |ped from| the. | |00002230| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 | |spelling| |00002240| 20 6f 66 20 20 63 92 73 | 74 92 2c 20 20 62 75 74 | of c.s|t., but| |00002250| 20 6e 6f 74 20 66 72 6f | 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 70 | not fro|m the sp| |00002260| 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |elling. | | |00002270| 20 20 6f 66 20 6d 61 64 | 72 61 92 2e 20 20 54 68 | of mad|ra.. Th| |00002280| 65 20 20 61 20 6d 75 73 | 74 20 62 65 20 72 65 74 |e a mus|t be ret| |00002290| 61 69 6e 65 64 20 69 6e | 20 74 68 65 20 73 70 65 |ained in| the spe| |000022a0| 6c 6c 69 6e 67 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |lling. | | |000022b0| 20 6f 66 20 6d 61 64 72 | 61 92 20 20 74 6f 20 69 | of madr|a. to i| |000022c0| 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 20 | 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 |ndicate |that the| |000022d0| 20 2d 64 72 2d 20 69 73 | 20 62 72 6f 61 64 2c 20 | -dr- is| broad, | |000022e0| 65 76 65 6e 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |even. | | |000022f0| 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 20 61 20 20 |though t|hat a | |00002300| 69 73 20 6e 6f 20 6c 6f | 6e 67 65 72 20 70 72 6f |is no lo|nger pro| |00002310| 6e 6f 75 6e 63 65 64 2e | 0d 20 0d 20 0d 20 0d 34 |nounced.|. . . .4| |00002320| 2e 20 48 45 4c 50 49 4e | 47 20 56 4f 57 45 4c 20 |. HELPIN|G VOWEL | |00002330| 20 20 28 45 70 65 6e 74 | 68 65 74 69 63 20 76 6f | (Epent|hetic vo| |00002340| 77 65 6c 29 0d 20 0d 20 | 20 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 |wel). . | There | |00002350| 61 72 65 20 6f 74 68 65 | 72 20 73 69 74 75 61 74 |are othe|r situat| |00002360| 69 6f 6e 73 20 77 68 65 | 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 6e |ions whe|re the n| |00002370| 65 75 74 72 61 6c 20 76 | 6f 77 65 6c 20 5b 40 5d |eutral v|owel [@]| |00002380| 20 69 73 0d 69 6e 73 65 | 72 74 65 64 20 69 6e 74 | is.inse|rted int| |00002390| 6f 20 77 6f 72 64 73 20 | 62 75 74 20 6e 6f 20 76 |o words |but no v| |000023a0| 6f 77 65 6c 20 69 73 20 | 73 68 6f 77 6e 20 69 6e |owel is |shown in| |000023b0| 20 74 68 65 20 73 70 65 | 6c 6c 69 6e 67 2e 20 20 | the spe|lling. | |000023c0| 54 68 69 73 0d 6f 63 63 | 75 72 73 20 69 6e 20 74 |This.occ|urs in t| |000023d0| 68 65 20 73 70 65 63 69 | 66 69 63 20 63 6f 6e 73 |he speci|fic cons| |000023e0| 6f 6e 61 6e 74 20 63 6c | 75 73 74 65 72 73 20 77 |onant cl|usters w| |000023f0| 68 69 63 68 20 61 72 65 | 20 73 68 6f 77 6e 20 62 |hich are| shown b| |00002400| 65 6c 6f 77 2e 20 54 68 | 65 0d 5b 40 5d 20 69 73 |elow. Th|e.[@] is| |00002410| 20 69 6e 73 65 72 74 65 | 64 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 73 | inserte|d into s| |00002420| 75 63 68 20 63 6c 75 73 | 74 65 72 73 20 6f 6e 6c |uch clus|ters onl| |00002430| 79 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 | 20 63 6c 75 73 74 65 72 |y if the| cluster| |00002440| 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 73 | 20 61 20 73 68 6f 72 74 | follows| a short| |00002450| 20 76 6f 77 65 6c 0d 69 | 6e 20 61 20 73 74 72 65 | vowel.i|n a stre| |00002460| 73 73 65 64 20 73 79 6c | 6c 61 62 6c 65 2e 20 54 |ssed syl|lable. T| |00002470| 68 75 73 2c 20 69 74 20 | 61 6c 6d 6f 73 74 20 61 |hus, it |almost a| |00002480| 6c 77 61 79 73 20 6f 63 | 63 75 72 73 20 61 74 20 |lways oc|curs at | |00002490| 74 68 65 20 62 6f 75 6e | 64 61 72 79 0d 62 65 74 |the boun|dary.bet| |000024a0| 77 65 65 6e 20 74 68 65 | 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 61 |ween the| first a| |000024b0| 6e 64 20 73 65 63 6f 6e | 64 20 73 79 6c 6c 61 62 |nd secon|d syllab| |000024c0| 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 | 77 6f 72 64 2e 0d 20 0d |le of a |word.. .| |000024d0| 20 20 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 65 61 63 68 | Note t|hat each| |000024e0| 20 63 6c 75 73 74 65 72 | 20 62 65 67 69 6e 73 20 | cluster| begins | |000024f0| 77 69 74 68 20 65 69 74 | 68 65 72 20 61 6e 20 6c |with eit|her an l| |00002500| 2c 20 6e 2c 20 6f 72 20 | 72 20 20 77 68 69 63 68 |, n, or |r which| |00002510| 20 61 72 65 20 61 6c 6c | 0d 73 6f 75 6e 64 73 20 | are all|.sounds | |00002520| 6d 61 64 65 20 6a 75 73 | 74 20 62 65 68 69 6e 64 |made jus|t behind| |00002530| 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 6f | 74 68 20 72 69 64 67 65 | the too|th ridge| |00002540| 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 | 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 |, and th|at the s| |00002550| 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 73 6f | 75 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 74 |econd so|und in t| |00002560| 68 65 0d 63 6c 75 73 74 | 65 72 20 20 69 73 20 61 |he.clust|er is a| |00002570| 6c 77 61 79 73 20 61 20 | 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6e 61 6e |lways a |consonan| |00002580| 74 20 6d 61 64 65 20 65 | 6c 73 65 77 68 65 72 65 |t made e|lsewhere| |00002590| 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | 6d 6f 75 74 68 2e 20 41 | in the |mouth. A| |000025a0| 6c 73 6f 2c 20 6e 6f 74 | 65 0d 69 6e 20 74 68 65 |lso, not|e.in the| |000025b0| 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 | 73 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 | example|s given | |000025c0| 62 65 6c 6f 77 20 74 68 | 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 76 |below th|at the v| |000025d0| 6f 77 65 6c 20 69 6e 20 | 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 |owel in |the firs| |000025e0| 74 20 73 79 6c 6c 61 62 | 6c 65 20 69 73 0d 61 6c |t syllab|le is.al| |000025f0| 77 61 79 73 20 61 20 73 | 68 6f 72 74 20 76 6f 77 |ways a s|hort vow| |00002600| 65 6c 2e 0d 20 0d 20 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |el.. . .| | |00002610| 20 20 20 53 6f 75 6e 64 | 73 20 6d 61 64 65 20 6f | Sound|s made o| |00002620| 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 | 70 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 |n the li|ps | |00002630| 20 53 6f 75 6e 64 73 20 | 6d 61 64 65 20 61 74 20 | Sounds |made at | |00002640| 62 61 63 6b 20 6f 66 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |back of.| | |00002650| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | | |00002660| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | | |00002670| 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 61 | 6c 61 74 65 0d 20 0d 20 | pa|late. . | |00002680| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 62 20 20 20 20 20 | | b | |00002690| 20 76 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 66 20 20 20 20 20 6d | v | f m| |000026a0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 63 68 20 20 | | ch | |000026b0| 20 20 20 20 20 67 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 2d 2d 2d 2d | g. | ----| |000026c0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------| |000026d0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------| |000026e0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------| |000026f0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 7c 0d 20 20 |------. | |. | |00002700| 6c 20 20 7c 20 20 20 2d | 6c 62 2d 20 20 20 2d 6c |l | -|lb- -l| |00002710| 62 68 2d 20 20 20 2d 6c | 66 2d 20 20 20 2d 6c 6d |bh- -l|f- -lm| |00002720| 2d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |- | | |00002730| 20 20 20 2d 6c 67 2d 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 7c 0d 20 | -lg-.| |. | |00002740| 20 20 20 20 7c 0d 20 20 | 6e 20 20 7c 20 20 20 2d | |. |n | -| |00002750| 6e 62 2d 20 20 20 2d 6e | 62 68 2d 20 20 20 20 20 |nb- -n|bh- | |00002760| 20 20 20 20 20 2d 6e 6d | 2d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | -nm|- | |00002770| 20 20 2d 6e 63 68 2d 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 7c 0d 20 | -nch-.| |. | |00002780| 20 20 20 20 7c 0d 20 20 | 72 20 20 7c 20 20 20 2d | |. |r | -| |00002790| 72 62 2d 20 20 20 2d 72 | 62 68 2d 20 20 20 2d 72 |rb- -r|bh- -r| |000027a0| 66 2d 20 20 20 2d 72 6d | 2d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |f- -rm|- | |000027b0| 20 20 2d 72 63 68 2d 20 | 20 20 20 2d 72 67 2d 0d | -rch- | -rg-.| |000027c0| 20 20 20 20 20 7c 0d 20 | 0d 20 0d 20 20 45 78 61 | |. |. . 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